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Federal Programs and Local Organizations:
Meeting the Housing Needs of Rural Seniors

© Housing Assistance Council, 2001

Permission is granted ONLY to nonprofit community-based organizations to reproduce and/or adapt this document, and only for their own use.

FOOTNOTES

¹Joseph N. Belden, "Housing for the Rural Elderly," in Housing in Rural America: Building Affordable and Inclusive Communities, Joseph N. Belden & Robert J. Weiner, editors, Sage(California: 1999), pp. 91-97.

²National Housing Coalition, "Who Will House the Elderly: Outlook Bleak for Low Income Elderly, Gov't Misses the Boat by Failing to Blend Services," NHC News, Spring 1996.

³William B. Clifford & Stephen C. Lilly, "Rural Elderly: Their Demographics and Characteristics," in Aging in Rural America, C. Neil Bull editor, Sage (California: 1993), pp. 3-16.

⁴Metropolitan areas are defined as areas or places with a minium population of 50,000 or a Census Bureau-defined urbanized area and a total MA population of at least 100,000 (75,000 in New England). Nonmetropolitan Areas are places outside Metropolitan Areas that have populations below 50,000. Both metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas contain rural and urban populations, indicating substantial heterogeneity within each category.

⁵Clifford & Lilly, "Rural Elderly: Their Demographics and Characteristics."

⁶Nina Glasgow, The Nonmetro Elderly: Economic and Demographic Status, Report 70. Agriculture and Rural Economy Division, Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture (Washington, D.C.: 1988).

⁷Clifford & Lilly, "Rural Elderly: Their Demographics and Characteristics."

⁸Frank Hobbs & Bonnie Damon, 65 + In the United States: Current Population Reports, Special Report P230-190. U.S. Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration and the U.S. Bureau of the Census (Washington, D.C.: April 1996).

⁹Clifford & Lilly, "Rural Elderly: Their Demographics and Characteristics."

¹⁰The industry that produces these units prefers the term "manufactured housing," but the term "mobile home" will be used throughout this report since local housing and social service providers most frequently used this term of reference.

¹¹Belden, "Housing for the Rural Elderly."

¹²Joseph Belden, "Housing for America's Rural Elderly," in Aging in Rural America, C. Neil Bull editor, Sage (California: 1993), pp. 71-83.

¹³Belden, "Housing for the Rural Elderly."

¹⁴Belden, "Housing for the Rural Elderly."

¹⁵Stephen Golant & Anthony La Greca, "City-Suburban, Metro-Non-Metro, and Regional Differences in the Housing Quality of U.S. Elderly Households," Research on Aging, Volume 16:3, Sept. 1994, pp. 322-346.

¹⁶Golant & La Greca, "City-Suburban, Metro-Non-Metro, and Regional Differences in the Housing Quality of U.S. Elderly Households."

¹⁷George Thomas Beall, et al, Housing Older Persons in Rural America: A Handbook on Congregate Housing, International Center for Social Gerontology, Inc. (Washington, DC: 1981).

¹⁸American Association of Retired Persons. Housing Options for Older Americans (Washington, D.C.: 1984).

¹⁹Linda J. Burton, "A Shoulder to Lean On: Assisted Living in the U.S." American Demographics, July 1997, pp. 45-51.

²⁰Burton. "A Shoulder to Lean On: Assisted Living in the U.S."

²¹Margaret MacAdam, "Community Care for Elders: Connections between Housing and Services," in Expanding Housing Choices for Older Americans: White House Conference on Aging, Conference Papers and Recommendations, American Association of Retired Persons (Washington, DC: 1995), pp.71-88.

²²NCH, "Who Will House the Elderly."

²³Carolyn Norris-Baker, & Rick J. Scheidt, "From ‘Our Town' to ‘Ghost Town': The Changing Context of Home for Rural Elders", International Journal of Aging and Human Development: 1994, Vol. 38:3, pp. 181-201.

²⁴Janet M. Fitchen, "Poverty as a Context for Old Age in Rural America," Journal of Community Psychology, Volume 11:1, 1990, pp. 31-50.

²⁵Robert Bylund, "Rural Housing: Perspectives for the Aged" in The Elderly in Rural Society: Every Fourth Elder, R. Coward & G. Lee (editors) Springer, New York: 1985, pp. 129-150.

²⁶Beall et al., Housing Older Persons in Rural America.

²⁷Belden, "Housing for the Rural Elderly."

²⁸MacAdam, "Community Care for Elders."

²⁹Diane K. McLaughlin & Leif Jensen, "Becoming Poor: The Experience of Elders." Rural Sociology Volume 60, 1995, pp 202-223.

³⁰Belden, "Housing for America's Rural Elderly."

³¹Hobbs & Damon, 65+ In the United States.

³²Hobbs & Damon, 65+ In the United States.

³³McLaughlin, " Becoming Poor."

³⁴McLaughlin, " Becoming Poor."

³⁵Hobbs & Damon, 65+ In the United States

³⁶Charles F. Longino & William Haas III, "Migration and the Rural Elderly." in Aging in Rural America, C. Neil Bull, editor, Sage (California: 1993), pp. 3-16.

³⁷Longino & Haas III, "Migration and the Rural Elderly."

³⁸Clifford & Lilly, "Rural Elderly: Their Demographics and Characteristics."

³⁹MacAdam, "Community Care for Elders."

⁴⁰MacAdam, "Community Care for Elders."

⁴¹MacAdam, "Community Care for Elders."

⁴²MacAdam, "Community Care for Elders."

⁴³RHS was formerly the Farmers Home Administration. Rural Development offices administer RHS housing programs locally.

⁴⁴The HUD and the RHS definitions of rural areas differ. HUD uses the Census definition which classifies as rural open country or places with a population of less than 2,500. On the other hand RHS also includes any town, village, city, or place with a population not in excess of 10,000 that is rural in character, or with a population center up to 20,000 with a serious lack of mortgage credit.

⁴⁵Belden, "Housing for the Rural Elderly."

⁴⁶Unless otherwise noted, all statistics in case studies will derive from the 1990 US Census of Population and Housing.

⁴⁷U.S. Bureau of the Census, Income and Poverty Estimates for Carteret County, North Carolina, February, 1999.

⁴⁸Carteret County Economic Development Council. "Carteret County Facts." Morehead City, North Carolina: 1994.

⁴⁹Carteret County Economic Development Council. "Carteret County Facts."

⁵⁰Opportunities for Chenango, Inc., Annual Report 1997 (Norwich, NY: 1997), p. 2.

⁵¹United Way, Chenango County Data Points and Summary Statements, 1998.

⁵²Substandard housing is that which lacks complete plumbing and/or is overcrowded. Overcrowding is defined as having an average of more than one person per room. Obviously, this definition undercounts the prevalence of substandard housing, since it misses many unsound units with problems such as serious structural deficiencies or lacking adequate heating and cooling systems.

⁵³United Way.

⁵⁴Southern Tier East Regional Planning Board, Chenango County Profile, May 1995.

⁵⁵Information compiled by OFC, included in HOME grant application materials prepared for submission in 1999.

⁵⁶OFC 1999 HOME application.

⁵⁷Housing is one of the many "elements" required by California law to be included in each city and county general plan. The Housing Element must include a housing needs assessment, land inventory, analysis of governmental and nongovernmental constraints, description of housing programs that address needs and constraints, and quantified objectives.

⁵⁸Lowndes County housing market information from Market Analysis: Proposed Hayneville Apartments, Affordable Family Rental Development, Hayneville, Alabama, prepared by Garrard Consulting for Southeast Alabama Self-Help Association, Inc. and Wil-Low Nonprofit Housing Corporation, March 1998.

⁵⁹Data on county classification was obtained from the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Economic Research Service. Summaries of county typology data are available in Peggy J. Cook and Karen L. Mizer, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, The Revised ERS County Typology: An Overview, Rural Development Report Number 89 (Washington, DC: December 1994).

⁶⁰Substandard housing is that which lacks complete plumbing and/or is overcrowded. Overcrowding is defined as having an average of more than one person per room. Obviously, this definition undercounts the prevalence of substandard housing, since it misses many unsound units with problems such as serious structural deficiencies or lacking adequate heating and cooling systems.

⁶¹Richard A. Couto, Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me Round: The Pursuit of Racial Justice in the Rural South, Temple University Press (Philadelphia, PA: 1991), pp. 94-95.

⁶²Market Analysis. National figures are from Housing Assistance Council, State Data Sheets: An Overview of Poverty and Housing Data from the 1990 Census (Washington, DC: January 1994).

⁶³Pursuit of Racial Justice, pp. 105-115.

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